![]() ![]() Similar to tape, the condition of the tube, its age, and the quality of its components and craftsmanship will all determine the point of saturation and what harmonics are generated once the tube is saturated. Whereas tape saturation may create a warm sound from high-frequency attenuation, tube saturation creates a warm sound from low-frequency amplification. Tubes often sound “warm” as well, but this more likely due to the second-order harmonic, which is closer to the fundamental frequency and lower in the frequency spectrum. ![]() Tube saturation creates a strong second-order harmonics, as well as both even and odd harmonics, depending on how significantly the tube is being saturated. In addition to creating soft-knee compression, saturation also results in harmonic generation harmonic generation depends primarily on the electrical components that are being saturated.Ī positive charge in a tube inhibits the flow of electrons, in turn compressing its electrical output This often results in compression that is less perceivable (depending on how much of the signal is being compressed). ![]() The compression employed by a saturated electrical component is soft-knee in nature, meaning that the signal will gradually be compressed, as opposed to instantly like with a hard-knee setting. How Does Soft-knee Compression Relate to Saturation? This will make the sound of the recording more detailed and complex, as the often masked aspects of an instrument, mix or master will become perceivable. I'm assuming the current in the LEDs are being controlled by a series resistor and not by trying to control the base-current and count of hFE.Limiting, a form of compression with a high ratio, attenuates dynamic peaks while amplifying low-level signals.Īfter compression, if you increase the amplitude of the entire signal, you have in turn increased the amplitude of the quietest aspects of the recording to the greatest degree. You can use the same base transistor for all of your transistors, because if your highest-current transistor can handle that base current, then so can all of the others (assuming the same transistors being used in similar environments, of course). It is far from uncommon for more than 50% of the heat to be due to the base current and not the collector current in switching applications. In hard saturation, an increase in base current causes about three to ten times the increase in power dissipation than the same increase in collector current does, simply because the base-emitter voltage is about three to ten times larger than the collector-emitter voltage. So a reasonable limit to use for the max base current is 10% of this, though you can probably be pretty sure you can push it to 20% without getting into too much trouble (as long as you allow proper heat sinking). Spec sheets usually give a max collector current value, at least for continuous operation. Most small-signal transistors are considered to be in "saturation" when hFE has dropped to 10 (power transistors often use a lower value). You want your circuit to be as insensitive to hfe as possible. Thanks.Ĭlick to expand.If you are trying to do switching applications, forget about hfe - it doesn't apply.Įven if you aren't, you shouldn't design circuits around hfe values since they vary all over the place for all sorts of reasons. That would correspond the the led with the highest Ic. I want to know if I can use the lowest calculated Rb for all the transistors. What I want to do is switch several different LEDs each with a different current Ic but try and use the same base resistance for each transistor. So increasing the base-emitter current will dissipate more power. I think the total current through the transistor is Ie = Ic + Ibe. I think it has to do with max power dissipation the transistor can handle. But I don't see that value on my data sheet. ![]() How far can I saturate a BJT biased as a switch without it blowing up? There has to be a limit to the base-emitter current it can handle otherwise a zero resistance would work to turn on the transistor. If I calculate Rb using hfe(min) to just saturate the transistor but in reality hfe is more, does Ic go up? Common sense would say no because its still limited by the series resistor Rc. I've been trying to work through some switching applications and I'm wondering what limits the collector current more: ![]()
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Ragdoll Blaster 2 is the much anticipated follow-up to Backflip Studios’ critically and commercially acclaimed Ragdoll Blaster. ![]() ![]() ![]() They will grow back and be much more vibrant the following winter. Prune out oldest branches (or all branches) to the ground in March. Branch color fading - old wood develops brown bark.Read more about Botryosphaeria Canker and Dieback There is no treatment, but plants generate new branches from the ground, so they will usually recover. Canker should be pruned out if discovered.Also increased air circulation around the plant can help. Black spot is treated by cleaning up fallen diseased leaves and spraying bare branches with dormant spray.The leaves are opposite, 512 cm long and 2.56 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an. ![]() Suckering (sending up multiple branches from the ground) is a problem if you wish to grow other plants close by. The branches and twigs are dark red, although wild plants may lack this coloration in shaded areas.None should be planted close to a house because the root systems grow so quickly. Cornus sericea is very adaptable to differing soils and can even grow in standing water.Cornus sanguinea requires well-drained soil.Cornus alba is best in moist well drained soil.Prune oldest branches (or the whole plant if you wish to control height) to the ground in March to encourage new growth that colors well the following winter. ![]() Size: Varies from 12” to 12’ depending on variety.Ĭulture: Sun, part shade. Most are multi-stemmed suckering shrubs (they send up new branches from the ground). White or purple berries follow in autumn. ![]() Small white flowers occur in clusters and bloom in summer. If planted in sun, many Twig Dogwoods have pretty red to purple fall color. Leaves are simple, some green and others variegated with white, gold or pink. Bark ranges from gold to red to black, but fades when temperatures warm in spring. Origin: Cornus alba - native to Siberia and Northern China, Cornus sanguinea native to Europe and Western Asia, Cornus sericea native to Oregon and most of North America, excluding the south from Texas to Florida.Ĭharacteristics: Three species of Cornus prized for brightly colored winter bark. stolonifera)Ĭommon: Tatarian Dogwood, Bloodtwig Dogwood, Redtwig or Red Osier Dogwood Never prune between April to June as that is when they’re active.Genus: Cornus alba, Cornus sanguinea, Cornus sericea (C. To prevent them, avoid damage to the bark as that is how larvae enter. You may need to protect them when they’re young up until they’re big enough to be out of reach from hungry deer.Īnother pest you may encounter is the dogwood borer. In terms of pests, you may notice your deer munching on young dogwoods. Both can be prevented with good air circulation and by keeping foliage dry. You may also see powdery mildew, a whitish-gray powder on the leaves. This results in spotting of the leaf and twig dieback. Pests and Diseasesįor dogwood trees, the most common disease is anthracnose, a fungus caused by Discula destructiva. Just be sure to prune before new leaves begin emerging in the spring. If you do prune, do so in late winter when the tree is dormant. You may also prune for shape, though most dogwood trees have a naturally good shape and don’t require pruning. Lucky for you, dogwoods require very little pruning care! Like any plant, you can prune to remove any dead or diseased branches. This variety blooms a month later than the standard dogwood. The blooms are white/yellowish blossoms in the spring and pinkish red berries by fall with mottled bark noticeable in the winter. Japanese Dogwood ( Cornus kousa): also known as the kousa dogwood, Korean dogwood, or Chinese dogwood, it can grow as a small deciduous tree or multi-stemmed shrub.It grows 15-30 ft high, forming a thick shrub when left alone or a nice tree when trimmed. In the summer, it has bright red berries and curling gray to brown bark in the winter. Cornelian Cherry Dogwood ( Cornus Mas): one of the first trees to flower in the spring, this dogwood has yellow star-like flowers to brighten up the cold.Fairly cold hardy, it grows in zones 2-9 and reaches 6-8 ft high and wide. Red Twig Dogwood ( Cornus sericea): the most common dogwood shrub, the red twig dogwood has white flowers in the spring, attractive foliage in the summer, and bright red bark for winter interest.Blooming from May to June, they grow 20-25 ft high and wide and do well in zones 5-9. Flowering Dogwood ( Cornus florida): as the most popular type of dogwood tree, you can find blossoms in white, pink, and red.There are SO many noteworthy dogwood trees, but here are some of the most common dogwood varieties you may encounter. ![]() ![]() ![]() Manufacturing during the majority of the year takes between 1-5 business days (Mon-Fri) however can take more than a week during the heaviest shopping times of the year.Other Style: Please send us an email for more details:.Long Sleeve Tee: - Solid colors are 100% cotton, heather colors are 52% cotton, 48% polyester (Athletic Heather is 90% cotton, 10% polyester).Polyester fibers are extremely strong, resistant to most chemicals, stretching and shrinking Made from specially spun fibers that make very strong and smooth fabric. 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These items are created by the design team of Nobleteeshirt. This product is owned by the Nobleteeshirt store. ![]() ![]() ![]() The park lies within an elevation range of 135–250 metres (443–820 ft). The park is surrounded by 33 villages and also agricultural lands where food crops and coco are grown. ![]() The park's welcome center contains a restaurant, lodge, picnic area, camping area, and a wildlife education center. It is easily accessible by taxis from the town center, and through organized tour buses. It is located 33 kilometres (21 mi) north of Cape Coast and Elmina near the small village of Abrafo. Its tributaries which flow through the park are Obuo, Kakum, Afia, Sukuma, Nemimi, Aboabo and Ajuesu. The Kakum River originates within the park, and hence the park is named after the river. The split was justified with the argument that Cape Coast and 33 other towns and villages continue to need timber from the forest and potable water provided by the Kakum River. After a survey of the faunal richness of the conservation area, it was split into the Kakum National Park and the Assin Attandanso Forest Reserve during the same year. In 1992, the Wildlife Department gazetted Kakum to be a park under the Wildlife Reserves Regulations (Ll 1525) as the Kakum Conservation Area including the Assin Attandanso Forest Reserve. The project later brought on board Game & Wildlife to manage and maintain the Park. He showcased the TODSCER program in America and drew a number of sponsoring institutions both bilateral and multi-lateral from the donor community for the project to its maturity. Ebenezer Kwasi Agbley, the then Central Regional Manager for Ghana Tourist Board gave birth to this dream under a program he initiated and implemented - Tourism Development Scheme for Central Region (TODSCER)which was expanded and became CENTRAL REGION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM under a later created Commission - Central Region Development Commission(CECECOM). The Feasibility Study and Preliminary 5-year Management Plan were developed in a collaborative and consultative process involving a consulting biologist, forestry officials, wildlife officials, local communities, Ghanaian universities, regional government officials, and other key stakeholders (Dudley 1992). The Feasibility Study included preliminary biodiversity assessments of the flora and fauna of Kakum Forest Reserve and adjoining Assin-Attandanso Forest Reserve, and an elephant population survey (Dudley 1990 Dudley, Mensah-Ntiamoah,& Kpelle 1992 Dudley 1995). Ī Feasibility Study and Preliminary 5-year Management Plan for the development of Kakum National Park as an ecotourism destination were developed in 1990 under a project conducted for the United Nations Development Program (Dudley 1990). The logging operations continued till 1989 when the management of the reserve was transferred to the Wildlife Department. During this period, logging operations were prevalent, particularly of the mahogany ( Khaya ivorensis) tree species. In 1931, the area drained by the headwater catchment of the Kakum River was declared a forest reserve and managed by the Forestry Division. ![]() The submission made in 2000 is listed under the tentative List of World Heritage Sites. The Museums and Monuments Board of the Republic of Ghana has proposed that UNESCO declare the park a natural World Heritage Site under criteria vii and x. As of 2012, the densest population of forest elephants in Ghana is located in Kakum. It is very rich in butterflies as well, and a new species was discovered in 1993. Nine species of hornbill and the grey parrot have been recorded. One of these species of concern is the white-breasted guineafowl. The bird inventory confirmed 266 species in the park, including eight species of global conservation concern. It is also an Important Bird Area recognized by the Bird Life International with the bird area fully overlapping the park area. The most notable endangered species of fauna in the park are Diana monkey, giant bongo antelope, yellow-backed duiker and African elephant. It is one of only 3 locations in Africa with a canopy walkway, which is 350 metres (1,150 ft) long and connects seven tree tops which provides access to the forest. The uniqueness of this park lies in the fact that it was established at the initiative of the local people and not by the State Department of wildlife who are responsible for wildlife preservation in Ghana. The area is covered with tropical forest. Established in 1931 as a reserve, it was gazetted as a national park only in 1992 after an initial survey of avifauna was conducted. Kakum National Park, located in the coastal environs of the Central Region of Ghana, covers an area of 375 square kilometres (145 sq mi). ![]() |
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